27/05/2008
26/04/2008
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Levels of testing
Unit Testing: It is defined as the first level of testing in which soon after the unit (smaller part of project/ sub module) is developed; it will be tested for its perfection. If it is working properly as per the design.Module Testing: It is another level of testing in which once all the sub modules or units are developed to form a module, it will be checked for its perfection, if it is as per requirements.Module testing belongs to black box testing because at this level usually GUI is made available on which the functionality can be seen and tested hence it is always done by test engineers.Integration Testing: It is another important level of testing in which soon after the individual modules are developed, tested are brought together to make an application or part of an application. If one performs testing on these integrated modules, it is known as integration testing.The purpose of integration testing:To test the individual modules, if their right functionality is affected due to integration.The net functionality of the integrated modules is to be tested.To check if the data is flowing among the modules as per DFD’s.To check the navigation at high level, if it is as per the design.Integration Approaches:Integration approach is a process, which defines how the modules are integrated with each other. Based on this criterion there are basically three types of approaches:1. Top down Approach2. Bottom up Approach3. Sandwich Approach1. Top down Approach: This approach is usually proposed whenever the customer does not interfere and the sequence of development is not affected. In this approach as and when the child modules are developed, they are integrated with the parents, hence the direction of integration is from top to bottom, and hence it is top-bottom approach.In this approach, there is every possibility that some of the child modules are missing (not yet developed) causing hindrance for the integration among the rest of module. In order to get along with the situation the temporary dummy program is employed in the place of missing child module to make the integration success is known as “STUB”.2. Bottom-Up Approach: This approach is proposed whenever customerInterferes in the beginning and changes the sequence of development. In this approach of integration as and when the parents are developed these get integrated with the child modules. In this process there is every possibility that parents are missing, causing hindrance to integration and as usual a temporary dummy program is used as a solution known as “DRIVER”.3. Sand witch approach: This approach is proposed whenever the customerInterfere in between the development process. It is basically a combination of top down and bottom up approach hence both the stubs and drivers are seen in this approach.System Testing: It is another crucial level of testing in which once the application is developed and deployed into the customers specified and simulated environment to prepare the complete system. If one performs testing on entire system to check if the application is functioning as per the requirements, it is known as system testing.System testing can be considered as full fledged testing as it covers GUI testing, functional testing (positive and negative), performance testing, load testing, and stress testing.User Acceptance Testing: It is defined as final level of testing in which, the Application is tested in the presence of customer/customer’s representative in order to check, if the users acceptance criteria is justified or not.The user acceptance testing belongs to black box testing and it is done by either test engineer or customer him self.Load Testing: It is defined as a type of testing that will be done under system Testing in which the sequential load is performed on the application with a constant increment, in order to determine the load baring capacity of the application.Performance Testing: It is defined as a type of testing that will be done under system Testing in which set of pre defined end to end transactions are performed on the application to determine the respective response times and to conclude if the performance of the application is ok, depends on, if the actual response times are well with in the expected response times. Henceperformance means “the time factor” i.e., the response time.Stress Testing: It is defined as the type of testing in which abnormal actions, Beyond capacity and more volumes of data related operations are performed on the application by multiple users. In order to check if the application is stable in spite of the abnormal behavior and stress on the application. Hence stress means to find stability.
25/04/2008
Testing Definations
Testing Deffinitions
Smoke Testing(Cursory Testing): It is a type of testing in which one can perform an initial, non-detailed testing on an application preferably in short span of time to check if all the desired objects/ features/ windows are basically available in order to perform detailed testing on them
Sanity Testing: It is a type of testing that is carried on initially as non-detailed testing in a short span of time, just to make sure that the application is proper ( to see all the entities are available ) in order to carryon detailed testing. Hence Sanity testing is same as Smoke testing.
Regression Testing: It is defined as a type of testing in which an already tested functionality is tested again and again in order to make sure that the functionality is defect free (under bug regression testing) as well as to ensure the existing right functionality is affected or not affected due to the addition of new functionality to it (under functional regression testing).
Regression testing is of two types:
Bug Regression Testing: It is a type of regression testing in which a specific functionality is repeatedly tested to see if there are any bugs as a result of the rectification of old bugs. Since focus is on bugs, it is known as bug regression testing.
Functional Regression Testing: It is another type of regression testing in which the existing right functionality is tested again and again whenever a change is added to it to check if the existing right functionality has any effect due to the new change.
Re-Testing: It is defined as a type of testing in which an already tested functionality is tested again and again to make sure that the defect is tested again and again to make sure that the defect is reproducible if at all any, to rule out environmental issues and to ensure the robustness(strength) of the functionality.
Note: The difference between Regression and Re-testing is that, the regression can’t be done in the first release and it is possible from the second release onwards whereas re-testing is possible in all the releases including first release.
Static Testing: It is a type of testing in which one can perform testing on an application without execution of application.
Example: GUI Testing, document testing, etc.
Dynamic Testing: It is a type of testing in which one can perform testing on an application while application is executed.
Example: Functionality testing.
Alpha Testing: It is a type of user acceptance testing, that is conducted on the product as a final testing within the development company, just before it is delivered to the customer. Alpha testing is done by either test engineer or the customer representative.
Beta Testing: It is a type of user acceptance testing, that is conducted on the product as a first time testing within the customer’s environment, when the product is delivered to the customer and is deployed in to customers environment and is being used by the real time users. Beta testing is done by the real time user.
The advantage of alpha testing is that if at all any defects are encountered; they can be rectified immediately as the product is not yet developed. The disadvantage of beta testing is that the immediate rectification is not possible and it is always time consuming as it needs to follow formal process.
Installation Testing (Deployment Testing): It is a type of testing, in which once the module is delivered to the testing department it will be deployed into the testing environment as per the guidelines defined by the deployment document. The developer checks if the deployment is done successfully as per the guidelines.
Compatibility Testing: It is a type of testing in which mostly the products are tested on various environments which are created and simulated with the combinations of several environmental components like clients, application servers, data base servers, operating systems etc., In order to check if these products are compatible for these environments, so that it addresses the business needs of various enterprises.
Usability Testing: It is a type of testing in which the test engineer checks the “user friendliness” factor of an application apart from the functionality of it.
Exploratory Testing: It is a type of testing in which, the test engineer doesn’t have any functional knowledge initially, and through the exploration on the application he will come to know the functionality and then performs testing on it simultaneously. Hence in this type of testing knowing and testing are performed simultaneously. Since exploration is associated with testing it is known as exploratory testing.
Mutation Testing: It is a type of white box testing in which an initial version of the program is modified into multiple versions while each changed version is known as ‘Mutant’. As each mutant is generated the corresponding text data is created to test the new mutant is perfect as per the requirement. Since mutants are used in this testing, it is known as mutation testing.
Monkey Testing: It is a type of testing in which one perform abnormal, beyond capacity and more volumes of data related operations intentionally on the application to check if it is stable in spite of users abnormal behavior.
End-to-End Testing (Environment Testing): It is a type of testing in which a full fledged complete transaction is performed on one application in order to check if all the environmental components are operationally available to complete the transaction successfully.
Forced Error Testing: It is a type of testing in which, application is tested with invalid inputs in order to check if the error message displayed by it is appropriate or not.
Scalability Testing: It is a type of testing in which one can check and ensure that the application can be scaled or enhanced with respect to the new functionality addition or the external factors change without demanding re-design and the environments change.
Reliability Testing: It is a type of testing in which, one perform abnormal and normal activities in combination on the application preferably for longer duration in order to check if the stability of application is retained in spite of abnormality for a longer duration. This testing is also known as Soak Testing.
Security Testing: It is a type of testing in which, the vital information of the application/ the application itself is tested in such a way that, if it is accessed by the valid users, protected from invalid users and destructive agents like virus. In other words security testing ensures the protection of vital information from illegal access and the undesirable transactions.
Accessibility Testing: Accessibility is nothing but extendibility of the user friendliness to the disable/handicapped users apart from the normal users. Precisely accessibility is the extendibility of the usability. Accessibility testing is a type of testing in which the test engineer checks the application if the accessibility criteria is justified in it.
Heuristic Testing: It is a type of testing in which, the test engineer depends upon his past experience cover the hidden areas where the possibility of defects are more apart from the normal testing that he performs that is driven by the test case document.
Ad hoc Testing: It is a type of testing in which, the test engineer perform random, an informal testing on an application without using test case document. Unlike formal testing in order to cover the uncovered area with the help of test case document in the form of testing.
Testing done without any formal testing technique is called ad hoc testing.
18/01/2008
Improve IQ
Rosemary
This common herb may have an effect on the brain when the scent is inhaled. We are waiting for the research, but some people swear that just sniffing rosemary wakes up their brain. It seems safe, so if you have rosemary in your spice rack, give it a try.
Write.
Writing is good for your mind in a number of ways. It is a way to tell your memory what is important, so you'll recall things more easily in the future. It is a way to clarify your thinking. It is a way to exercise your creativity and analytical ability. Diaries, idea-journals, poetry, note-taking and story-writing are all ways to use writing to boost your brain power.
Listen to Mozart.
In a study at the University of California, researchers found that children who studied piano and sang daily in chorus, were much better at solving puzzles, and when tested, scored 80% higher in spatial intelligence than the non-musical group. In another study, 36 students were given three spatial reasoning tests on a standard IQ test. Just before the first test, they listened to Mozart's sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K. 448 for ten minutes. Before the second test, they listened to a relaxation tape. Before the third, they sat in silence. The average scores for all 36 students: 1st test: 119. 2nd test: 111. 3rd test: 110. Improve iq by nine-points with Mozart!
Avoid foods that cause subtle allergies.
These can include wheat, corn, peanuts and dairy products. Watch yourself to see if you have a problem with any of these. They cause digestive problems and brain fog in some people.
Speed reading.
Contrary to what many believe, your comprehension of material often goes up when you learn to speed-read. You get to learn a lot more in less time, and it is definitely a good brain exercise. A quick lesson? When scanning, read the first and last parts of paragraphs; this is where the important stuff is. Just pick up any book or article now to verify this.
Exercise.
Long term exercise can boost brainpower, which isn't surprising. Anything that affects physical health in a positive way probably helps the brain too. Recent research, though, shows that cognitive function is improved immediately after just ten minutes of aerobic exercise. If you need a brain recharge, you might want to walk up and down the stairs a few times.
Learn more efficiently.
When you decide to learn something, take notes from the start. Leave each "learning session" with a question or two in mind, to create anticipation and curiosity. Take short breaks, so there will be more beginnings and endings to your studies (Things learned at the beginning or ending of a class or session are remembered better).
Use techniques for clear thinking.
Cluttered rooms and offices can contribute to cluttered thinking. Organize a space for mental work. Sigh, stretch, and take a deep breath before you start on a tough mental job. Plan some distraction-free time for brainstorming.
Brain wave entrainment.
The newest brain wave entrainment products are powerful tools for altering your brain function. Some will almost immediately relax you, while others will put your brain waves in a pattern that is most conducive to analytical thinking. For more information on these, you can visit the page on Brain Wave Entrainment.
Creatine.
This is a compound found in meat, used by athletes to help build muscle. Now the evidence is here to show that it helps your brain as well. Proceedings B , a journal published by the Royal Society reports that the research showed improvement in working memory and general intelligence resulting from creatine supplementation. The dose used in the study was 5 grams per day. This is about the level used to boost sports performance, and is as much as you'd normally get in four pounds of meat, according to lead researcher Dr. Caroline Rae.
Talk.
Talking is only good for the brain if you are actually exercising it, of course. Try explaining something that you don't understand very well to a friend, though, and you'll notice that the process of explaining will help you clarify your understanding.
Do something you enjoy.
This is a way to both lower stress and rev up your brain. The key is to do something active. Watching TV doesn't count. Whether it is playing Scrabble or building birdhouses, when you are actively engaged in an activity that you enjoy, you worry less about things and you start to think better.
Adjust your beliefs.
Believe you are smarter, and you'll become smarter. For this, affirmations may work, but even better is evidence. Make a note of your successes. Tell yourself, "Hey, that was really creative," when you do something creative. When you have a good idea, make a note of it. Gather the evidence for your own intelligence and you'll start to experience more of it.
Brain exercises.
Do math in your mind while driving. Think of a new use for everything you see. Almost any brain exercises have the potential to improve IQ and brain function. Regular use of the brain has been shown to generate new neuronal growth, and even halt the decline of mental function that often comes with age.
Model others.
Find others that are creative, intelligent, or very productive. Do what they do, and think what they think. This is a key principle of neuro-linguistic programming. Be careful about taking their advice, though. Successful people often don't really understand why they are successful. Do what they do, not what they say.
Eat fish.
Eating fish actually speeds up brain waves, and improves concentration. Researchers have
also found an almost perfect correlation between intake of fish and lowered levels of depression in the various countries of the world. The U.S. has 24 times the incidence of depression as Japan, for example, where fish intake is much higher.
Avoid unnecessary arguments.
When you defend a position too vigorously, especially when it is just to "win" the argument, you invest our ego into it. This is not conducive to the easy acceptance and use of new information. In other words, you put your mind in a rut, and you dig it deeper with each argument. Debate can be a valuable thing, but when the ego takes over, the mind closes a little. This is not a way to improve IQ.
06/01/2008
03/01/2008
Whose child
Wife : I carry my child for nine months in my stomach and fed him when ever he feels hungry and takes care at every moment of his life. In this nothing is replaced by mother.
Every one agrees this is correct and true.
Now judge asked about husband any argument from your side.
Husband : respected judge and people. Thank you for giving me a chance to argue about this. but at this point I dont have any valid reason for that. But please clarify one thing.
Judge : Please go ahead
husband : I put a coin in pepsi vending machine and I got a pepsi. whose the pepsi is????
Judge : ???????????????????????